Times higher第二次出版05最新全球大学排名。这次评判标准比上次全面很多，增加了数项指标，除了科学引文，还特别包括实用的雇主评价。另外还附有专业排名。总的来说改进很多，值得一看。
同时，欧洲大学排名有所上升。具体信息请看（需要注册）http://www.thes.co.uk/worldrankings/
The world's top 200 universities
2005
rank 2004
rank Name Country Peer review
score (40%) Recruiter
review (10%) Int'l faculty
score (5%) Int'l students
score (5%) Faculty/
student score
(20%) Citations/
faculty score
(20%) Overall
score
1 1 Harvard University US 100 100 17 23 21 57 100
2 3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology US 84 87 12 41 16 53 86.9
3 6 Cambridge University UK 96 73 65 34 20 16 85.8
4 5 Oxford University UK 93 70 58 37 23 15 83.9
5 7 Stanford University US 78 95 10 30 12 56 83.4
6 2 University of California, Berkeley US 95 62 7 13 7 39 80.6
7 8 Yale University US 71 43 52 27 42 19 72.7
8 4 California Institute of Technology US 48 2 27 41 26 100 71.5
9 9 Princeton University US 69 32 22 30 20 31 64.8
10 27 Ecole Polytechnique France 37 17 47 36 100 4 61.5
11= 52 Duke University US 36 79 24 20 66 10 59.1
11= 11 London School of Economics UK 43 86 99 100 20 1 59.1
13 14 Imperial College London UK 59 15 63 51 34 10 59
14 23 Cornell University US 56 71 11 19 17 23 58.1
15 17 Beijing University China 71 37 7 4 26 0 56.3
16 12 Tokyo University Japan 73 2 2 12 19 17 55.1
17= 20 University of California, San Francisco US 24 0 4 6 91 44 54.9
17= 13 University of Chicago US 52 47 29 29 27 16 54.9
19 22 Melbourne University Australia 66 27 53 36 9 7 54.5
20 19 Columbia University US 56 36 11 32 25 17 53.9
21 10 ETH Zurich Switzerland 49 7 98 35 37 8 53.5
22 18 National University of Singapore Singapore 62 12 94 45 8 7 53
23 16 Australian National University Australia 64 8 52 33 13 13 52.9
24= 30 Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris France 38 23 26 23 65 9 51.6
24= 21 McGill University Canada 52 48 33 31 23 8 51.6
26 15 University of Texas at Austin US 47 29 9 15 7 54 51.5
27 25 Johns Hopkins University US 50 14 17 20 21 32 50.2
28 34 University College London UK 46 19 45 46 30 10 48.4
29 37 University of Toronto Canada 51 34 40 14 6 22 47.8
30 48 Edinburgh University UK 48 47 33 28 15 10 47.7
31 29 Kyoto University Japan 57 2 20 9 28 10 47.5
32 28 Pennsylvania University US 42 41 20 25 28 15 47.3
33 33 Monash University Australia 55 19 54 49 7 5 46.5
34 32 Ecole Polytech Fédérale de Lausanne Switzerland 22 3 95 65 64 3 45
35 43 Manchester University & Umist UK 43 50 47 23 18 6 44.8
36 31 University of Michigan US 46 32 17 19 17 15 43.9
37 26 University of California, Los Angeles US 52 6 2 11 12 24 43.3
38= 46 University of British Columbia Canada 47 12 63 18 6 17 42.6
38= 40 Sydney University Australia 53 4 53 31 7 8 42.6
40 36 University of New South Wales Australia 50 12 53 34 11 4 42.5
41 39 Hong Kong University Hong Kong 43 19 82 21 17 4 42
42 24 University of California, San Diego US 43 0 3 9 10 43 41.9
43 42 Hong Kong University Sci & Technol Hong Kong 43 12 93 28 7 11 41.8
44 38 Carnegie Mellon University US 37 33 34 40 18 10 40.5
45 47 Heidelberg University Germany 47 12 11 28 14 11 39.6
46 73 Northwestern University US 28 66 4 20 20 16 39.1
47 49 Queensland University Australia 46 8 53 24 8 7 38.5
48 50 Nanyang Technological University Singapore 38 12 95 53 7 2 38.2
49 91 Bristol University UK 28 63 40 25 13 10 37.2
50 41 Indian Institutes of Technology India 44 11 1 1 10 20 37
51 84 Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong 37 12 73 17 14 6 36.4
52 67 Auckland University New Zealand 45 0 20 25 18 2 35.8
53 78 Delft University of Technology Netherlands 35 3 55 17 25 3 35
54 75 Boston University US 41 3 10 22 16 10 34.9
55 99 Munich University Germany 39 24 11 21 11 8 34.8
56 79 New York University US 36 15 5 18 24 6 34.4
57 64 Erasmus University Rotterdam Netherlands 27 32 19 13 5 31 34
58= 109 Washington University, St Louis US 25 14 6 17 28 22 33.7
58= 98 Amsterdam University Netherlands 36 14 18 18 12 14 33.7
58= 35 University of Illinois US 39 16 12 16 11 9 33.7
61 59 Purdue University US 36 28 25 20 8 8 33.6
62= 129 Helsinki University Finland 39 15 12 5 16 7 33.4
62= 61 Tsing Hua University China 42 4 25 10 18 1 33.4
64 130 Pennsylvania State University US 34 21 2 1 11 21 33.3
65 94 Vienna University Austria 40 3 26 26 4 14 33.1
66 63 Copenhagen University Denmark 39 13 20 4 15 5 32.8
67 68 Macquarie University Australia 34 22 53 42 4 5 32.7
68 45 Massachusetts University US 38 0 1 12 7 23 32.5
69 - IEP Sciences Po, Paris France 19 16 25 50 43 - 32.2
70 83 Eindhoven University of Technology Netherlands 20 3 33 7 54 2 32
71 61 Brown University US 27 6 39 19 19 16 31.9
72 195 Fudan University China 35 26 13 6 17 1 31.3
73= 96 King's College London UK 27 17 45 28 17 6 31.1
73= 86 Rochester University US 24 9 10 24 32 13 31.1
73= 66 University Wisconsin-Madison US 36 0 0 14 17 11 31.1
76 - Brussels Free University (French) Belgium 29 3 31 41 20 6 30.9
77= 93 Hebrew University of Jerusalem Israel 36 0 5 13 5 22 30.8
77= 80 Warwick University UK 30 21 50 37 7 4 30.8
79 92 Lomonosov Moscow State University Russia 42 3 10 7 11 3 30.7
80= 96 University of Western Australia Australia 29 12 53 29 10 8 30.4
80= 56 Adelaide University Australia 33 0 53 30 8 8 30.4
82 55 RMIT University Australia 35 0 53 62 4 1 30.3
83 128 Durham University UK 24 38 46 22 9 9 30
84 - Indian Institutes of Management India 33 24 2 7 21 - 29.9
85 - Zurich University Switzerland 22 0 65 22 29 5 29.6
86 77 Vienna Technical University Austria 33 7 31 32 11 3 29.5
87 113 University of Technology, Sydney Australia 35 4 53 37 4 1 29.4
88= - Geneva University Switzerland 12 3 93 57 29 7 29.2
88= 74 Washington University US 28 0 16 10 14 22 29.2
88= 57 Pierre and Marie Curie University France 31 0 25 36 15 6 29.2
88= - Catholic University of Leuven (French) Belgium 32 5 17 26 9 12 29.2
92 - Ecole Normale Supérieure, Lyon France 16 0 30 18 39 16 29.1
93= 154 China University of Sci & Technology China 33 4 6 0 27 1 28.9
93= 118 Seoul National University South Korea 39 0 3 5 14 4 28.9
95= - Catholic University of Leuven (Flemish) Belgium 24 10 48 20 23 4 28.8
95= 195 National Autonomous Univ of Mexico Mexico 33 9 3 1 25 0 28.8
97 170 Nottingham University UK 22 38 39 30 10 6 28.7
98 142 La Trobe University Australia 34 0 53 26 6 3 28.6
99 51 Tokyo Institute of Technology Japan 30 0 6 16 22 10 28.5
100 58 Sussex University UK 28 0 44 28 15 7 28.4
101= 112 Glasgow University UK 26 27 18 15 13 8 28.3
101= 76 Curtin University of Technology Australia 30 0 54 63 4 1 28.3
103= 133 Leeds University UK 27 22 30 26 10 6 28.2
103= 44 School of Oriental and African Studies UK 20 2 51 74 23 - 28.2
105= 118 Virginia University US 24 29 7 11 13 14 28
105= 95 Technical University Munich Germany 27 12 11 30 16 9 28
105= 69 Osaka University Japan 28 0 7 8 23 12 28
108 - Wageningen University Netherlands 16 3 28 47 29 12 27.9
109= 137 York University UK 28 5 37 28 12 7 27.8
109= 88 Case Western Reserve University US 20 11 4 22 23 19 27.8
111 87 Trinity College, Dublin Ireland 31 14 17 21 5 8 27.6
112= 125 Humboldt University Berlin Germany 32 0 11 18 16 4 27.4
112= 100 Queen Mary, University of London UK 24 3 44 35 18 4 27.4
114= 156 Vanderbilt University US 18 12 2 14 32 14 27.2
114= 102 National Taiwan University Taiwan 36 0 4 1 15 3 27.2
114= 85 Gttingen University Germany 33 0 11 17 12 7 27.2
117 138 Dartmouth College US 19 19 15 16 21 15 27.1
118 - Queensland University of Technology Australia 34 0 53 21 3 2 27
119 151 Liverpool University UK 25 14 35 21 11 8 26.9
120 120 Utrecht University Netherlands 27 3 33 5 12 13 26.8
121= - Chulalongkorn University Thailand 33 16 11 1 12 0 26.7
121= 116 Michigan State University US 31 11 11 12 8 9 26.7
121= 71 Université Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne France 38 0 13 26 4 - 26.7
124 180 University of Southern California US 25 12 7 28 17 9 26.6
125= 162 La Sapienza University, Rome Italy 39 0 5 5 4 5 26.5
125= 105 Texas A&M University US 30 9 14 13 6 13 26.5
127= - Basel University Switzerland 12 0 88 28 26 10 26.4
127= - University of Newcastle Australia 30 0 53 25 5 5 26.4
129 167 Nagoya University Japan 21 0 9 13 35 6 26.3
130 103 Bath University UK 18 35 47 34 7 7 26.2
131 132 University Louis Pasteur Strasbourg France 24 3 25 35 11 12 26.1
132 177 Université de Montréal Canada 25 6 55 11 5 13 26
133= - Lausanne University Switzerland 17 2 53 26 27 6 25.9
133= 134 Maryland University US 22 15 18 16 13 13 25.9
133= - HEC Paris France 15 46 77 30 8 - 25.9
136= 153 Tohoku University Japan 26 0 7 11 19 11 25.7
136= 70 St Andrews University UK 19 11 39 48 13 8 25.7
138= 131 Leiden University Netherlands 22 8 25 15 14 14 25.6
138= 127 Aarhus University Denmark 27 6 28 7 12 9 25.6
138= 101 Oslo University Norway 29 0 25 16 13 5 25.6
141 173 Emory University US 16 15 1 12 30 13 25.5
142 157 Frankfurt University Germany 33 0 11 17 7 6 25.3
143= 160 Korea Advanced Inst of Sci and Tech South Korea 26 0 22 4 7 19 25.2
143= 150 Sheffield University UK 21 16 34 27 12 7 25.2
143= 126 Birmingham University UK 21 17 36 30 10 8 25.2
143= 117 North Carolina University US 21 14 9 8 13 19 25.2
147= - Hiroshima University Japan 26 0 7 8 25 4 25.1
147= 65 Georgia Institute of Technology US 27 8 5 28 8 11 25.1
149 166 University of Alberta Canada 24 2 52 11 13 7 25
150= 192 Nanjing University China 34 0 12 5 11 1 24.8
150= - St Gallen University Switzerland 2 14 85 59 37 - 24.8
150= 146 Rice University US 20 5 14 23 19 14 24.8
150= 82 University of Minnesota US 25 3 10 12 8 19 24.8
154= - University of South Australia Australia 27 0 53 49 4 1 24.7
154= 145 Technical University of Denmark Denmark 23 0 21 24 10 15 24.7
154= 60 Technical University Berlin Germany 30 7 11 25 6 5 24.7
157= - Hokkaido University Japan 28 0 3 7 16 9 24.5
157= 123 Maastricht University Netherlands 16 5 39 44 20 7 24.5
159= 186 Bologna University Italy 34 0 7 9 7 3 24.4
159= 165 Georgetown University US 19 26 9 17 15 11 24.4
159= 143 University of Waterloo Canada 21 11 75 13 9 5 24.4
159= 72 University of California, Santa Barbara US 24 0 10 6 6 23 24.4
163 107 Colorado University US 23 0 17 7 17 13 24.3
164 104 Tufts University US 15 11 13 18 16 22 24.2
165 164 Innsbruck University Austria 21 0 44 47 8 9 24
166= 161 Tasmania University Australia 24 0 53 29 6 5 23.8
166= 110 Chalmers University of Technology Sweden 24 0 18 16 20 4 23.8
168 179 Newcastle upon Tyne University UK 17 20 34 32 13 7 23.6
169= - Shanghai Jiao Tong University China 25 26 15 5 10 0 23.5
169= - Novosibirsk State University Russia 16 0 2 9 45 - 23.5
169= 89 Malaya University Malaysia 33 0 12 7 8 1 23.5
172= - Free University Berlin Germany 28 0 11 17 9 6 23.3
172= - Kobe University Japan 24 5 9 9 21 3 23.3
172= 184 Aachen RWTH Germany 25 12 11 24 11 4 23.3
175= 136 State Univ of New York, Stony Brook US 24 0 7 15 11 15 23.2
175= 90 Alabama University US 18 0 4 7 7 32 23.2
177 191 Nijmegen University Netherlands 17 3 38 11 25 5 23.1
178 198 City University of Hong Kong Hong Kong 19 0 100 9 8 4 22.7
179 - Notre Dame University US 18 24 17 14 13 8 22
180= - Toulouse 1 France 18 0 25 32 26 0 22.5
180= 171 Lund University Sweden 24 0 15 16 13 7 22.5
180= 140 Uppsala University Sweden 24 0 27 8 7 11 22.5
183 159 Madrid Autonomous University Spain 29 0 5 9 9 6 22.2
184= - Korea University South Korea 28 0 7 2 15 1 22.1
184= 147 McMaster University Canada 18 8 10 16 7 21 22.1
186= - Free University of Amsterdam Netherlands 17 3 32 14 13 13 22
186= 114 Otago University New Zealand 22 0 31 21 15 3 22
188= - Tel Aviv University Israel 25 0 1 1 5 18 21.9
188= 108 Massey University New Zealand 23 0 62 20 5 2 21.9
190 - Gothenburg University Sweden 14 0 27 2 1 37 21.8
191 - University of Western Ontario Canada 11 46 28 12 6 13 21.7
192 - Jawaharlal Nehru University India 29 0 3 6 10 3 21.5
193 - Pittsburgh University US 15 0 23 10 23 11 21.3
194= 176 Helsinki University of Technology Finland 22 0 11 11 20 2 21.1
194= 158 Technion - Israel Inst of Technology Israel 23 2 7 1 10 12 21.1
196= - S?o Paulo University Brazil 28 0 10 3 8 3 21
196= 122 Royal Institute of Technology Sweden 19 0 54 22 9 5 21
198 - Showa University Japan 8 0 7 19 45 3 20.9
199= - University of Florence Italy 28 0 6 5 5 6 20.8
199= - George Washington University US 22 9 5 14 13 4 20.8
199= - Wake Forest University US 12 8 3 6 28 11 20.8
这是欧洲大学排名
Europe's top 50 universities
Rank World
rank Name Country
1 3 Cambridge University UK
2 4 Oxford University UK
3 10 Ecole Polytechnique France
4 11= London School of Economics UK
5 13 Imperial College London UK
6 21 ETH Zurich Switzerland
7 24= Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris France
8 28 University College London UK
9 30 Edinburgh University UK
10 34 Ecole Polytech Féd Lausanne Switzerland
11 35 Manchester University & Umist UK
12 45 Heidelberg University Germany
13 49 Bristol University UK
14 53 Delft University of Technology Netherlands
15 55 Munich University Germany
16 57 Erasmus University Rotterdam Netherlands
17 58= Amsterdam University Netherlands
18 62= Helsinki University Finland
19 65 Vienna University Austria
20 66 Copenhagen University Denmark
21 69 IEP Sciences Po, Paris France
22 70 Eindhoven University of Technol Netherlands
23 73= King's College London UK
24 76 Brussels Free University (French) Belgium
25 77= Warwick University UK
26 79 Lomonosov Moscow State Univ Russia
27 83 Durham University UK
28 85 Zurich University Switzerland
29 86 Vienna Technical University Austria
30= 88= Catholic Univ Leuven (French) Belgium
30= 88= Geneva University Switzerland
30= 88= Pierre and Marie Curie University France
33 92 Ecole Normale Supérieure, Lyon France
34 95= Catholic Univ Leuven (Flemish) Belgium
35 97 Nottingham University UK
36 100 Sussex University UK
37 101= Glasgow University UK
38= 103= Leeds University UK
38= 103= Soas UK
40 105= Technical University Munich Germany
41 108 Wageningen University Netherlands
42 109= York University UK
43 111 Trinity College, Dublin Ireland
44= 112= Humboldt University Berlin Germany
44= 112= Queen Mary, Univ of London UK
46 114= Gttingen University Germany
47 119 Liverpool University UK
48 120 Utrecht University Netherlands
49 121= Univ Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne France
50 125= La Sapienza Univ, Rome Italy
专业排名：
The world's top 100 science universities
2005
rank 2004
rank Institution Country Peer
score Citations
per paper
1 1 Cambridge University UK 100 12.9
2 2 Oxford University UK 94.6 12.2
3 4 University of California, Berkeley US 92.7 16
4 3 Harvard University US 89.9 20.6
5 5 Massachusetts Institute Technol US 87.3 16.6
6 8 Princeton University US 80.4 17.7
7 6 Stanford University US 79.1 17.3
8 7 Tokyo University Japan 74.5 9.2
9 9 California Institute of Technology US 72.4 18
10 10 Imperial College London UK 69.5 10.7
11 12 Cornell University US 64.3 12.5
12 13 ETH Zurich Switzerland 63.1 14
13 18 Australian National University Australia 61.9 11.7
14 11 Beijing University China 60.8 -
15 14 Yale University US 60.1 16.9
16 15 Kyoto University Japan 58.5 7.8
17 17 University of Chicago US 58.3 16.3
18 19 Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris France 57 -
19 20 Ecole Polytechnique France 54.5 -
20 16 Paris VI, Pierre et Marie Curie France 54.2 8.6
21 25 Lomonosov Moscow State University Russia 51.1 -
22 21 Heidelberg University Germany 50.6 11.6
23 22 University of California, Los Angeles US 49.3 13.9
24 36 University of Toronto Canada 49 11
25= 32 University of California, Santa Barbara US 46.8 17.6
25= 23 University of Texas at Austin US 46.8 11.4
27 28 La Sapienza University, Rome Italy 46.7 7.8
28 37 Utrecht University Netherlands 46.3 10.5
29= 27 Munich University Germany 45.9 9.3
29= 24 University of Illinois US 45.9 11.2
31 28 Columbia University US 45.8 15.8
32 30 Melbourne University Australia 45 8.5
33 26 Gottingen University Germany 44.7 8.6
34 35 National University of Singapore Singapore 44.2 5.2
35 34 Université Paris-Sud 11 France 43.3 9.9
36 31 Indian Institutes of Technology India 43.2 -
37 67 Sydney University Australia 41 7.8
38 56 Edinburgh University UK 40.8 12.5
39 41 Monash University Australia 40 -
40 69 New South Wales University Australia 39.7 8
41 39 University of Michigan US 39.3 12.6
42 33 Johns Hopkins University US 39 15.5
43 48 University of British Columbia Canada 38.7 10.1
44 64 McGill University Canada 38.4 9.8
45= 46 China University of Sci & Technol China 38.3 -
45= 42 Seoul National University South Korea 38.3 5.8
47 39 Aarhus University Denmark 36.8 -
48 45 University of California, San Diego US 36.7 15.3
49 44 Copenhagen University Denmark 36.5 8.7
50 55 Tokyo Institute of Technology Japan 36.4 -
51 38 National Taiwan University Taiwan 36.2 5.3
52 43 Osaka University Japan 35.9 7.3
53 48 Manchester University and Umist UK 35.6 9
54 54 Technical University Munich Germany 35.5 11.2
55 52 Tsing Hua University China 35.2 -
56 86 Queensland University Australia 35 7
57 86 Tel Aviv University Israel 34.9 9.6
58= 61 Technion Israel Inst of Tech Israel 34.8 7.1
58= 57 Tohoku University Japan 34.8 7.6
58= 100 Leiden University Netherlands 34.8 -
61= 52 Nanjing University China 34.6 -
61= 61 Warwick University UK 34.6 -
63= 72 Hong Kong University Hong Kong 34.3 -
63= 47 Kings College London UK 34.3 -
65 58 University College London UK 34.2 10.3
66 71 Bristol University UK 34 10.3
67 51 University of Pennsylvania US 33.8 16.6
68= 60 Humboldt University, Berlin Germany 33.5 9
68= 50 Hong Kong University Sci and Tech Hong Kong 33.5 -
70= 67 Vienna University of Technology Austria 33.4 -
70= 84 Delft University of Technology Netherlands 33.4 9.3
72 99 Auckland University New Zealand 33 -
73= 78 Pisa University Italy 32.8 8.2
73= 98 St Petersburg State University Russia 32.8 -
75 94 Trinity College, Dublin Ireland 32 -
76 59 Bonn University Germany 31.9 8.1
77 81 Frankfurt University Germany 31.6 -
78= 79 Technical University of Berlin Germany 31.3 8.9
78= - University of Wisconsin US 31.3 11.7
80 83 Stuttgart University Germany 31.1 8.2
81 61 Vienna University Austria 31 7.7
82= - Boston University US 30.9 -
82= 76 State University of New York US 30.9 14.8
84 - Nanyang Tech University Singapore 30.6 -
85 - Brussels Free University (French) Belgium 30.3 8.9
86= 72 Innsbruck University Austria 30.1 -
86= - Aachen RWTH Germany 30.1 8.5
88 77 Fudan University China 30 -
89 - Ecole Normale Supérieure, Lyon France 29.9 -
90 - Birmingham University UK 29.8 9.8
91= - Malaysia National University Malaysia 29.7 -
91= 61 Uppsala University Sweden 29.7 9.4
93 - National Autonomous Univ Mexico Mexico 29.4 5.5
94 69 Nagoya University Japan 29.3 8.8
95 74 Washington University US 29.2 15.4
96 95 Durham University UK 28.9 13.5
97 - Hamburg University Germany 28.8 10
98= - Univ Louis Pasteur Strasbourg I France 28.7 12.5
98= 91 Hebrew University of Jerusalem Israel 28.7 8.9
98= 75 Penn State University US 28.7 11
The world's top 100 technology universities
2005
rank 2004
rank Institution Country Peer
score Citations
per paper
1 2 Massachusetts Institute Technol US 100 6
2 1 University of California, Berkeley US 98.7 6.3
3 4 Indian Institutes of Technology India 86.4 -
4 3 Stanford University US 84.9 6.8
5 5 Imperial College London UK 81.3 4.1
6 8 Cambridge University UK 79.4 5.1
7 6 California Institute of Technology US 78 7.1
8 7 Tokyo University Japan 76.8 -
9 9 National University of Singapore Singapore 74.1 -
10 10 Beijing University China 68.5 -
11 11 Tokyo Institute of Technology Japan 67.2 -
12 16 ETH Zurich Switzerland 67.1 6.6
13 12 Oxford University UK 66 5.7
14 14 Carnegie Mellon University US 65.8 4.9
15 24 Delft University of Technology Netherlands 65.6 -
16 26 New South Wales University Australia 60.4 -
17 15 Tsing Hua University China 60.1 -
18 22 Melbourne University Australia 59.9 4.5
19 23 Kyoto University Japan 59.5 -
20 17 Georgia Institute of Technology US 58.7 3.8
21 13 Harvard University US 58.3 7.6
22 19 Ecole Polytechnique France 58.1 4.2
23 20 Hong Kong University Sci & Technol Hong Kong 57.6 3.2
24 18 Monash University Australia 57 -
25 29 Technion Israel Inst of Technol Israel 56.4 -
26 33 Nanyang Technological University Singapore 56.2 -
27 21 Illinois University US 54 4.9
28 38 Aachen RWTH Germany 53.6 3.1
29 31 Australian National University Australia 53.5 -
30 27 University of Texas at Austin US 53.4 4
31 40 University of Toronto Canada 52.4 4.1
32 44 Vienna University of Technology Austria 52.1 3.1
33 46 Technical University Munich Germany 51.9 3.7
34 30 Cornell University US 51.5 6
35 25 Purdue University US 51.2 4.2
36= 36 University of California, Los Angeles US 50.6 5.5
36= 41 Ecole Poly Fédérale de Lausanne Switzerland 50.6 5.2
38 34 Princeton University US 49.8 7
39 - Catholic University Leuven (French) Belgium 49.6 4.2
40 47 Queensland University Australia 48.3 3.2
41 45 Manchester University & Umist UK 47.2 3.6
42= 37 Korea Adv Inst of Sci & Technol South Korea 46.5 -
42= 55 McGill University Canada 46.5 4.1
44= 28 Massachusetts University US 46.2 4.7
44= 63 Lomonosov Moscow State University Russia 46.2 -
44= 39 Technical University of Berlin Germany 46.2 -
47 52 University of British Columbia Canada 45.7 -
48 48 Sydney University Australia 45.1 4.1
49 57 Auckland University New Zealand 44.7 -
50 42 China University of Sci & Technol China 44.4 -
51 59 Waterloo University Canada 44.3 -
52 49 Helsinki University of Technology Finland 44 -
53 43 Osaka University Japan 43.2 -
54 64 Karlsruhe University Germany 42.6 -
55 35 University of Michigan US 42.5 4.9
56 66 Politecnico di Milano Technical Univ Italy 42.1 -
57 72 National Taiwan University Taiwan 41.8 -
58 71 Royal Institute of Technology Sweden 41.7 3.9
59 51 Chalmers University of Technology Sweden 41.5 -
60 60 Technical University, Denmark Denmark 41 5
61 53 University of California, San Diego US 40.9 5.3
62 58 Yale University US 40.5 8.2
63 75 Twente University Netherlands 39.5 -
64 56 Wisconsin University US 39.2 4.2
65= 67 Seoul National University South Korea 38.9 -
65= 78 Shanghai Jiao Tong University China 38.9 -
67= 50 Texas A&M University US 38.8 3.6
67= - Queensland University of Technol Australia 38.8 -
69 - Indian Institutes of Management India 38.5 -
70 93 University of Technology, Sydney Australia 38 -
71 79 Edinburgh University UK 37.8 3.2
72 70 Virginia Polytechnic Institute US 37.1 -
73 73 Boston University US 37 6.2
74= 68 Eindhoven University of Technology Netherlands 36.9 3.6
74= 69 Stuttgart University Germany 36.9 -
76 95 Chinese University Hong Kong Hong Kong 36.7 -
77 90 Paris VI, Pierre et Marie Curie France 36 4.8
78 61 Glasgow University UK 35.9 -
79 54 Adelaide University Australia 35.3 -
80 - Hong Kong University Hong Kong 35 -
81= 62 Penn State University US 34.8 4.3
81= 76 Johns Hopkins University US 34.8 5.1
81= 79 Tohoku University Japan 34.8 -
84 73 Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris France 34.7 5.4
85 83 Fudan University China 34.4 -
86= 82 Bologna University Italy 34.1 3.4
86= 98 TH Darmstadt Germany 34.1 -
88 - Catholic University Leuven (Flemish) Belgium 34 -
89 88 Rensselaer Polytech Institute US 33.8 4.5
90= - City University Hong Kong Hong Kong 33.5 -
90= 100 RMIT University Australia 33.5 -
92 87 Columbia University US 33.4 5.2
93= 85 Norwegian University Sci & Technol Norway 33.1 3.4
93= 77 Montpellier I University France 33.1 -
95 86 Pennsylvania University US 32.5 5.6
96 - Curtin University of Technology Australia 32.4 -
97 91 Trinity College, Dublin Ireland 32.2 -
98 - Ghent University Belgium 32.1 4.5
99 65 St Petersburg State University Russia 31.7 -
100= - Chulalongkorn University Thailand 31.4 -
100= - Nagoya University Japan 31.4 -
Top non-university institutions in science
2005
rank 2004
rank Institution Country Citations
per paper
1 2 IBM US 18.9
2 - Brookhaven National Laboratory US 18.6
3 15 Cern Switzerland 15.4
4 - National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration US 14.2
5 14 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory US 14
6 17 Argonne National Laboratory US 14
7 3 Nasa US 13.8
8 4 Max Planck Society Germany 12.9
9 11 Los Alamos National Laboratory US 12.4
10 16 National Inst of Standards & Technology US 12.1
11 7 US Navy US 11.6
12 9 Oak Ridge National Laboratory US 11.3
13 - CEA Saclay France 11.2
14 - KFA Julich Germany 10.3
Top non-university institutions in technology
Rank Institution Country Citations
per paper
1 AT&T US 7.5
2 US Environmental Protection Agency US 6.4
3 Cern Switzerland 5.9
4 CSIRO Australia 5.7
5 Rutherford Appleton Laboratory UK 5.7
6 KFA Julich Germany 5.7
7 IBM US 5.6
8 Sandia National Laboratory US 5.4
9 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory US 5.3
The world's top arts and humanities universities
2005
rank 2004
rank Institution Country Peer
score
1 1 Harvard University US 100
2 2 Oxford University UK 84.7
3 5 Cambridge University UK 81.2
4 3 University of California, Berkeley US 77.8
5 4 Yale University US 77.4
6 7 Beijing University China 70.9
7 6 Princeton University US 69.2
8 49 Melbourne University Australia 60
9 10 London School of Economics UK 58.7
10 30 Australian National University Australia 56.7
11 8 Columbia University US 56.5
12 12 Massachusetts Institute of Technology US 53.5
13 11 Université Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne France 52.9
14 - La Sapienza University, Rome Italy 51.6
15 32 McGill University Canada 50.9
16 9 Tokyo University Japan 50.5
17 14 University of Texas at Austin US 50.2
18= 23 Copenhagen University Denmark 47.7
18= 15 Kyoto University Japan 47.7
20 25 Natl Autonomous Univ of Mexico Mexico 46.9
21= 39 University College London UK 46.7
21= 40 Queen Mary, University of London UK 46.7
23= - La Trobe University Australia 45.7
23= - Monash University Australia 45.7
25= - Auckland University New Zealand 45.4
25= 33 Georgetown University US 45.4
27= 45 Tor Vergata University, Rome Italy 44.9
27= 20 Edinburgh University UK 44.9
29= - University of Technology, Sydney Australia 44.7
29= 36 Helsinki University Finland 44.7
29= 16 Oslo University Norway 44.7
29= 18 School of Oriental and African Studies UK 44.7
33 28 University of Chicago US 44.1
34= 47 University of British Columbia Canada 43.9
34= 13 University of Michigan US 43.9
36= - Macquarie University Australia 42.6
36= - Sydney University Australia 42.6
36= - Hebrew University of Jerusalem Israel 42.6
39= - Calcutta University India 42.3
39= 22 Sussex University UK 42.3
41= 24 Heidelberg University Germany 41.5
41= 19 Pennsylvania University US 41.5
41= 27 University of California, Los Angeles US 41.5
44 - Brown University US 40.9
45= - University of Western Australia Australia 40.1
45= 31 Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong 40.1
45= - Malaya University Malaysia 40.1
48= - Pontifical Catholic University of Chile Chile 39.2
48= - Massachusetts University US 39.2
50 - Johns Hopkins University US 38.3
51 - Seoul National University South Korea 37.7
52= - University of New South Wales Australia 37.4
52= 29 Hong Kong University Hong Kong 37.4
54= - University of Florence Italy 36.7
54= 46 Virginia University US 36.7
56= - RMIT University Australia 36.5
56= 34 Vienna University Austria 36.5
56= 35 Tsing Hua University China 36.5
56= - Frankfurt University Germany 36.5
56= - Athens University Greece 36.5
56= - Gadjah Mada University Indonesia 36.5
56= - Bologna University Italy 36.5
56= - Hiroshima University Japan 36.5
56= - Hitotsubashi University Japan 36.5
56= 37 Amsterdam University Netherlands 36.5
56= - Lomonosov Moscow State University Russia 36.5
56= 17 National University of Singapore Singapore 36.5
56= 38 Autonomous University of Madrid Spain 36.5
56= 41 St Andrews University UK 36.5
56= 42 Utah University US 36.5
56= 43 New York University US 36.5
56= 44 Michigan State University US 36.5
73 - Duke University US 34.3
74= - Tecnológico de Monterrey Mexico 33.8
74= - Erasmus University Rotterdam Netherlands 33.8
74= - Pontifical Catholic University of Peru Peru 33.8
74= - Novosibirsk State University Russia 33.8
78 - Boston University US 32.8
79= - Concordia University Canada 32.5
79= - Hamburg University Germany 32.5
79= - Delft University of Technology Netherlands 32.5
79= - Manchester University and Umist UK 32.5
79= 26 University of Wisconsin - Madison US 32.5
79= - University of Illinois US 32.5
79= - University of New Mexico US 32.5
79= - Purdue University US 32.5
87 - Delhi University India 31.8
88 - Tulane University US 31.4
89= - Queensland University Australia 30.7
89= - Hong Kong University Sci and Technol Hong Kong 30.7
89= - Waseda University Japan 30.7
89= 21 Nanyang Technological University Singapore 30.7
89= - Korea University South Korea 30.7
89= - Colombo University Sri Lanka 30.7
95= - Pontifical Catholic University-Rio Brazil 29.5
95= - University of Toronto Canada 29.5
95= - Bristol University UK 29.5
95= - York University UK 29.5
95= - Rochester University US 29.5
100 - Freiburg University Germany 29.2
The world's top social science universities
2005
rank 2004
rank Institution Country Peer
score Citations
per paper
1 1 Harvard University US 100 9.4
2 2 London School of Economics UK 96.3 4.6
3 4 Oxford University UK 88.4 5.3
4 3 University of California, Berkeley US 85.3 6.9
5 6 Stanford University US 80.4 8.5
6 7 Yale University US 77.3 7.2
7 9 Massachusetts Institute of Technology US 73.9 8.9
8 8 Cambridge University UK 73.5 4.6
9 5 University of Chicago US 73 9.9
10 11 Princeton University US 68.9 8
11 12 Melbourne University Australia 63.6 2.8
12 14 Columbia University US 63.3 6.7
13 10 National University of Singapore Singapore 63.1 3.1
14 15 Tokyo University Japan 61.7 -
15 16 Australian National University Australia 60.5 3.3
16 13 Cornell University US 57.1 5.8
17= 28 Monash University Australia 56.9 3.1
17= - Indian Institutes of Management India 56.9 -
19 24 Sydney University Australia 52.2 4.1
20 21 New York University US 50.3 6.1
21 20 Erasmus University Rotterdam Netherlands 49.2 4.6
22 17 Pennsylvania University US 48.6 7.6
23 19 Beijing University China 48.4 -
24 23 University of New South Wales Australia 48.1 3.7
25 36 Queensland University Australia 47.2 2.7
26 18 University of California, Los Angeles US 47 7.6
27 - Catholic University of Leuven (French) Belgium 46.7 3.5
28 33 Boston University US 46.1 6.2
29= 22 McGill University Canada 44.3 4
29= 30 University of Toronto Canada 44.3 4.2
31 25 Manchester University & Umist UK 43.2 4.3
32 31= Carnegie Mellon University US 43 9.4
33 45 Hong Kong University Hong Kong 41.8 2.5
34 27 University of Michigan US 41.5 7.6
35 73 Munich University Germany 41.3 -
36 31= Université Paris I Panthéon Sorbonne France 41 -
37 84 RMIT University Australia 40.7 -
38 25= University College London UK 40.1 5.6
39 44 Kyoto University Japan 39.7 -
40 - Northwestern University US 39.5 8.1
41 38= Massachusetts University US 39.4 4.4
42= 92 Vienna University Austria 39.2 -
42= 29 Warwick University UK 39.2 3.6
44= 38= Bonn University Germany 38.1 -
44= - Amsterdam University Netherlands 38.1 3.9
46= 50 Macquarie University Australia 37.4 -
46= 58 Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong 37.4 3.4
46= 46= Chulalongkorn University Thailand 37.4 -
49 53= University of British Columbia Canada 37.2 4.8
50 35 Copenhagen University Denmark 37.1 -
51 - Jawaharlal Nehru University India 36.6 -
52 46= Indian Institutes of Technology India 36.5 -
53 56 University of Texas at Austin US 36.2 5.3
54 40 Hebrew University of Jerusalem Israel 36.1 3.9
55= 53= Stockholm School of Economics Sweden 36 -
55= 37 Duke University US 36 8
55= 96 Pennsylvania State University US 36 5.4
58 57 Hong Kong University Sci & Technol Hong Kong 35.5 4.9
59 41 Edinburgh University UK 34.9 4.4
60 43 Autonomous University of Barcelona Spain 34.8 -
61 98 Lahore University Pakistan 34.1 -
62= 48 Sussex University UK 33.8 5.3
62= 60 Johns Hopkins University US 33.8 6.2
64 66= Heidelberg University Germany 33.7 -
65 - Auckland University New Zealand 33 3.4
66= 70 Fudan University China 32.9 -
66= - Korea University South Korea 32.9 -
68= - La Trobe University Australia 32.6 3.2
68= - Tel Aviv University Israel 32.6 4.2
70= 51 Humboldt University Berlin Germany 32.5 -
70= 53= Bologna University Italy 32.5 -
72 77= Maastricht University Netherlands 32.4 4.7
73= 62= Helsinki University Finland 32.3 4.3
73= - HEC Paris France 32.3 -
75= 42 National Taiwan University Taiwan 31.5 -
75= 69 University of Wisconsin - Madison US 31.5 5.4
77 79 North Carolina University US 31.4 5.2
78= - Georgetown University US 31.3 5.1
78= 75= Rochester University US 31.3 8.1
80= - Université Paris Sorbonne - Paris IV France 31.2 -
80= 65 Trinity College, Dublin Ireland 31.2 -
80= - Pompeu Fabra University Spain 31.2 -
83= - Malaya University Malaysia 30.3 -
83= 70= Nanyang Technological University Singapore 30.3 -
85= 84= Nanjing University China 30.2 -
85= 74 University of California, San Diego US 30.2 8.5
87= - Keio University Japan 30.1 -
87= 58= Michigan State University US 30.1 5.6
89 66= University of Illinois US 30 5
90 92= Oslo University Norway 29.9 3.4
91 49 ETH Zurich Switzerland 29.7 -
92 62= Toulouse I France 29.6 -
93= 70= Shanghai Jiao Tong University China 28.9 -
93= 61 City University of Hong Kong Hong Kong 28.9 -
93= - Mumbai University India 28.9 -
96= - Curtin University of Technology Australia 28.8 -
96= - Tasmania University Australia 28.8 -
96= 83 Hitotsubashi University Japan 28.8 -
99= - University of Newcastle Australia 28.7 -
99= 84= School of Oriental and African Studies UK 28.7 -
99= 91 Brown University US 28.7 6.6
The world's top non-universities in social science
2005
rank 2004
rank Institution Country Citations
per paper
1 3 National Bureau of Economic Research US 11.6
2 4 Veterans Administration Medical Center US 10
3 7 Rand Corporation US 8.4
4 10 Federal Reserve System US 8.1
5 8 Centres for Disease Control and Prevention US 7.3
6 14 World Bank US 5.7
7 15 International Monetary Fund US 4.9
8 13 Centre for Economic Policy Research UK 4.6
9 - CNRS France 1.7
10 - Russian Academy of Sciences Russia 0.6
Top 100 biomedicine universities
2005
rank 2004
rank Institution Country Peer
score Citations
per paper
1 1 Harvard University US 100 28.5
2 2 Cambridge University UK 95.8 23
3 3 Oxford University UK 84.3 23
4 7 Karolinska Institute Sweden 83.8 16.3
5 5 Stanford University US 81 27.2
6 4 Imperial College London UK 80.9 14.2
7 6 Johns Hopkins University US 77.7 23.6
8 11 Beijing University China 69.5 -
9 9 University of California, Berkeley US 69.2 26.5
10 14 Melbourne University Australia 67.7 12
11 8 Yale University US 63.9 24.7
12 13 Tokyo University Japan 61.5 16
13 12 Massachusetts Institute of Technology US 60.6 40.9
14 10 University of California, San Diego US 59.1 25.9
15 25 National University of Singapore Singapore 58.5 -
16 21 Edinburgh University UK 57.5 17.9
17 16 Heidelberg University Germany 56 14.1
18 15 Sydney University Australia 55.1 -
19 18 University of California, San Francisco US 54.9 25.5
20 20 University of Toronto Canada 54.4 17
21 34 Australian National University Australia 53.4 -
22 19 University College London UK 53.2 18.6
23 17 Duke University US 52.1 21.8
24 27 McGill University Canada 51.7 18.9
25 23 Columbia University US 50.6 22.2
26 24 Cornell University US 50.5 20.8
27 28 Kyoto University Japan 50.1 16.7
28 37 Monash University Australia 48.8 12.1
29= 30 Kings College London UK 45 13.6
29= 45 Queensland University Australia 45 -
31 62 University of British Columbia Canada 44.6 15.9
32 22 University of California, Los Angeles US 44.2 19.4
33 36 Auckland University New Zealand 43.9 -
34 - York University UK 43.6 -
35 49 Fudan University China 43 -
36 26 Princeton University US 42.7 -
37 48 Hong Kong University Hong Kong 42.1 -
38 35 California Institute of Technology US 41.5 -
39 29 Helsinki University Finland 40.8 15.7
40 31 Vienna University Austria 40.5 -
41 68 University of New South Wales Australia 40.4 -
42 - Baylor College of Medicine US 39.6 21.8
43 40 Boston University US 38.7 18.8
44 38 Munich University Germany 37.8 13.2
45 46 University of Michigan US 37.7 19.5
46 32 Humboldt University, Berlin Germany 37.5 12.4
47 - Queensland University of Technol Australia 37.2 -
48= 41 Washington University US 36.5 21.8
48= 56 Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong 36.5 -
50= 61 Otago University New Zealand 36.2 -
50= 89 Hong Kong Univ of Sci and Technol Hong Kong 36.2 -
52 42 University of Chicago US 35.9 23
53= 33 ETH Zurich Switzerland 34.8 -
53= - Macquarie University Australia 34.8 -
55 51 Erasmus University Rotterdam Netherlands 34.7 19.1
56 43 Univ Louis Pasteur Strasbourg I France 34.6 -
57 81 Adelaide University Australia 34.3 -
58 90 University of Pennsylvania US 33.8 19.3
59 38 Frankfurt University Germany 33.6 13.3
60 74 New York University US 33.5 19.3
61 47 Free University Berlin Germany 33.3 13.4
62 - Indian Institutes of Technology India 33.2 -
63 - Newcastle University Australia 32.9 -
64 55 Washington University, St Louis US 32.6 25.3
65 43 Pierre and Marie Curie University France 32.5 -
66= 80 Manchester University and Umist UK 31.9 14.6
66= - Seoul National University South Korea 31.9 -
68= 50 Florence University Italy 31.4 -
68= 54 Aarhus University Denmark 31.4 12.7
70 - Uppsala University Sweden 31.3 14.1
71= 63 Amsterdam University Netherlands 31.2 15.8
71= 57 Hebrew University of Jerusalem Israel 31.2 14.9
73 52 G?ttingen University Germany 31 12.2
74 67 S?o Paulo University Brazil 30.9 -
75 81 Tsing Hua University China 30.4 -
76 53 South Australia University Australia 30.3 -
77 - Zurich University Switzerland 30.1 15.9
78= 84 Glasgow University UK 30 15.8
78= - Copenhagen University Denmark 30 13.5
80 93 Penn State University US 29.9 16.4
81 57 Innsbruck University Austria 29.8 -
82= 60 Chulalongkorn University Thailand 29.2 -
82= - Malaya University Malaysia 29.2 -
82= 90 Osaka University Japan 29.2 17.1
82= 96 Western Australia University Australia 29.2 -
86= 93 Nanjing University China 29 -
86= - La Trobe University Australia 29 -
86= - University of Technology, Sydney Australia 29 -
89 83 Tel Aviv University Israel 28.9 -
90= 76 Lomonosov Moscow State University Russia 28.8 -
90= - Catholic University Leuven (Flemish) Belgium 28.8 15.2
92= - Carnegie Mellon University US 28.7 -
92= - University of Wisconsin-Madison US 28.7 17.7
94 64 Vanderbilt University US 28.6 21.2
95 59 University of California, Davis US 28.4 14.3
96 90 Hokkaido University Japan 27.7 -
97 100 Southern California University US 27.6 18
98= - Purdue University US 27.5 -
98= 96 Lund University Sweden 27.5 13.7
100 74 Tübingen-Reutlingen University Germany 27.4 12.3
Top non-university institutions in biomedicine
2005
rank Institution Country Citations
per paper
1 Scripps Research Institute US 34.2
2 National Institutes of Health US 31.3
3 Brigham and Womens Hospital US 30.6
4 Merck US 30.5
5 Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center US 29.5
6 Massachusetts General Hospital US 27.4
7 National Cancer Institute US 27.4
8 Medical Research Council UK 26.8
9 Max Planck Society Germany 25.6
10 Mount Sinai Medical Center US 25.1
11 Veterans' Administration Medical Center US 21.9
12 Institut Pasteur France 21.1
13 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention US 20.3
14 CNRS France 19.3
下面是主编关于评价标准的review
Determined challengers keep heat on the elite
John O'Leary
Published: 28 October 2005
Familiar names fill the top ranks, but our tables, which have been refined to provide even more detail this year, show that those at the summit cannot afford to rest on their laurels, John O'Leary writes
A year after The Times Higher published its first World University Rankings, fascination with international comparisons of universities is undiminished. Readers from every part of the globe pored over the results, and there has been a lively debate about how best to assess universities.
For consistency's sake, these rankings follow a similar pattern to last year's. But improvements include a bigger poll of academics, more complete statistics and the addition of a survey of global recruiters, all courtesy of QS Quacquarelli Symonds.
The presentation of the main table has also been altered, both for accessibility and in response to discussions in a Unesco expert working group on international rankings. Each measure is now scored out of 100 (whatever weighting is applied) so that universities' performance on the different criteria is clearer. And the overall score has been calculated to just three significant figures, rather than last year's four, to avoid claiming what members of the group considered "spurious accuracy".
When the first ranking appeared, we stressed that the methodology was not sufficiently precise to separate universities whose scores were closely bunched. The new approach groups together many universities, particularly outside the top 50, and more realistically represents relative strengths.
Critics of peer review queried whether a ranking so heavily reliant on opinion sampling would be too volatile from year to year to be credible.
But the results show encouraging stability. Harvard University is still well ahead of the pack, and nine of last year's top ten remain in that group. Yet there has been significant movement. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology is now Harvard's closest challenger, and Cambridge University has leapfrogged Oxford University to take third place. The University of California, Berkeley, has slipped from second, and ETH Zurich has dropped out of the top ten.
There have been relatively few dramatic rises or falls. Duke University, in North Carolina, is perhaps the most obvious, jumping to 11th place from outside the top 50. But its new ranking is more in line with its position in the domestic league tables produced by US News & World Report, which put it in joint fifth with Stanford University and MIT. Other big risers include the Ecole Polytechnique, which enters the top ten from 27th place in 2004, and Bristol University, up more than 40 places to enter the top 50. Six of the top 100 were not in last year's ranking, and there are many new entries lower down.
As before, the overall positions disguise considerable variations among the six indicators. Even Harvard emerges as the top university only in the two opinion surveys. It is second to the California Institute of Technology on citations but has relatively low scores for its staff-to-student ratio and the proportions of international staff and students.
The new employer survey correlates well with the academic peer review, particularly towards the top of the table. The London School of Economics (fourth in recruiters' eyes) is the only top institution to be much more popular with employers than with academic peers. Most leading US universities do well.
The Ecole Polytechnique owes its spectacular rise partly to the best staffing level in this year's survey. This indicator sees high scores scattered throughout the ranking. Showa University, in Japan, in 198th place, and Russia's Novosibirsk University (169th) both outperform the top nine in the overall ranking on this measure.
The LSE again has the highest proportion of international students, with Australian universities repeating last year's strong showing. The City University of Hong Kong pips the LSE to first place for proportion of international staff, with ETH Zurich close behind. The two measures each carry a weighting of 5 per cent with correspondingly less influence on the final order.
Similarly, the various disciplines also throw up different leaders.
Academics see Harvard as pre-eminent in the arts, medicine and social sciences, but Cambridge leads in the sciences and MIT in technology.
Such variety of outcomes underlines that universities have different missions and different strengths that make them difficult to compare. There is no sign that a high-ranking university in our table is better than one more lowly ranked. However, this exercise focuses on qualities that should be common to universities that aspire to be global institutions.
While the debate continues on methodology, there has been little argument about the thrust of the world rankings. They strive to be current, rather than historical, and to find proxies for excellence in teaching and research. An international outlook and a global reputation among academics, students and employers are all important aspects of a university that ranks among the world elite. Other measures will no doubt be added in future rankings, but the original model has proved more robust than many of its critics predicted. This second edition is sure to rekindle the debate, but the search for the world's leading universities is surely unstoppable.
Fine-tuning puts picture in much sharper focus
Martin Ince
Published: 28 October 2005
With its improved accuracy and the inclusion of even more information, the second Times Higher World Rankings is the best guide to the world's top universities, says Martin Ince
Today The Times Higher publishes the World University Rankings for the second year running. The aim is the same as it was in 2004: to offer a consistent and systematic look at the world's top universities in the context of the globalisation of higher education. But we think that this version is more robust and reliable than the first.
We have gathered new data on employers' opinions of universities around the world. This has allowed us to widen the pool of information we present, but we have gone further and deepened the pool as well. This year's tables are virtually free of gaps in data. And because we have collected a wealth of data on institutions outside the top 200, we are confident that no institution that should be in these tables has been overlooked. These efforts have resulted in what we believe is the world's best guide to the standing of top universities.
The core of our analysis is peer review, which has long been accepted in academic life and across social research as the most reliable means of gauging institutional quality. The sample used to compile the peer-review column of this table comprises 2,375 research-active academics. They were chosen by QS Quacquarelli Symonds, consultants to The Times Higher and experts in international rankings of MBA courses. The selection was weighted so that just under a third of the academics came from each of the world's major economic regions - Asia, Europe and North America - with a smaller number from Africa and Latin America. It also had to yield roughly equal numbers from the main spheres of academic life: science, technology, biomedicine, social sciences and the arts. The selected academics were asked to name the top universities in the subject areas and the geographical regions in which they have expertise.
Data collected in 2005 were supplemented by opinions from our 2004 survey, where the same question was asked but no individual's opinion was counted twice. We believe that this two-year rolling average provides improved statistical reliability.
The information derived from the responses was used to generate the faculty-level data on the top institutions for specific subject areas published in The Times Higher this month and was aggregated to produce the peer-review column of the main table in this supplement. We are confident that the sample is large enough and sufficiently well chosen for its aggregate opinion to be statistically valid.
The point has been made that peer reviewers might be more likely to cite large old universities, especially those with the name of a major city in their titles, than smaller, less familiar ones. But the peers are all experts in their fields; and in their responses they rated as excellent more than 500 universities, some of which were unknown even to staff of The Times Higher.
The peer-review data account for 40 per cent of the available score in the World University Rankings. This is 10 percentage points lower than in 2004 because of the addition of data on the opinion of major international employers of graduates. Like the other columns we show, and in an improvement on the presentation of the data in 2004, we have normalised these data to show the top institution scoring 100.
Two other columns of data in this table account for 20 per cent each of the final score for each university listed. One is the number of citations for academic papers generated by each staff member. This has been compiled from staff numbers collected by QS and citations data supplied by Evidence Ltd on the basis of data from Thomson Scientific. The citations data, which come from Thomson's Essential Science Indicators, cover the period between 1995 and 2005. A lower cut-off of 5,000 papers has been applied to eliminate small specialist institutions. This criterion provides a clear measure of universities' research prowess, but it has some systematic biases. It disadvantages some institutions, especially those in Asia, that publish few papers in the high-impact journals surveyed.
Teaching is, of course, central to the university mission. To gauge it, we consider a classic measure of commitment to teaching, the staff-to-student ratio, which is worth up to 20 percentage points. Like citations per staff member, this measure depends on accurate staff numbers. We believe we have improved the accuracy of the figures we collect. Nevertheless, any inconsistency is to some extent self-correcting because exaggerating staff numbers would increase a university's staff-to-student ratio but reduce its citations per staff member.
The principal motivation for the World University Rankings is our realisation that although scholarship has always been international, the world of higher education is becoming one of the most global sectors of the world economy. The final two columns of data we show, each accounting for 5 per cent of the total, attempt to quantify universities' international orientation. The first reflects their percentage of international staff and the second their percentage of international students.
Our aim in these tables is to rank large general universities. We have not counted institutions that do not teach undergraduates. This removes from the listing a number of high-prestige institutions, especially in medicine and business. We have, however, included universities that teach a broad but not a full complement of subjects. These range from the London School of Economics to a large number of technology universities.
A frequent query about the 2004 rankings concerned the level of detail they provided. In general, we have tried to tease apart large federal universities such as California or London that consist of many in essence free-standing colleges. But we have not been able to disaggregate the many US state universities that boast more than one campus. Doing so would have complicated the task too much.
We have managed to remove some ambiguities that were present last year by distinguishing between the Flemish-speaking and Francophone institutions of Belgium and by providing clearer labelling of the many universities of Paris and other French cities.
As research on composite tables such as these has shown, it is important to read them with care. Although the overall score tells the full story, a specific column may be of more interest to a student or researcher contemplating his or her next move. It would be wrong to attribute too much weight to the small differences in overall scores between universities lower down the rankings.
We welcome your responses to the World University Rankings and to the faculty-level analyses that The Times Higher has already published. In particular, we are interested in suggestions of other measures of university quality that could be gathered consistently from institutions around the world.
Employer opinion
This year's World University Rankings feature an extra column of data designed to add another vital dimension by revealing which universities are taken most seriously by the world's top employers of internationally mobile graduates.
The sample of employers was generated by QS from its own extensive knowledge of graduate recruiters and from universities, which provided names of companies that are frequent recruiters of their graduates. All the companies involved recruit either around the world or on a national scale in large countries. They were asked to identify up to 20 universities whose graduates they prefer to employ most.
The respondents were guaranteed anonymity. They include banks and financial organisations, airlines, manufacturers in areas such as pharmaceuticals and the automotive industry, consumer goods companies, and firms involved in international communications and distribution. There were 333 respondents.
Acknowledgments
The World University Rankings were coordinated by Martin Ince ([email protected]), contributing editor of The Times Higher.
He would like to thank Nunzio Quacquarelli of QS (www.qsnetwork.com), Jonathan Adams of Evidence Ltd (www.evidence.co.uk) and their colleagues for their participation in this project. |
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